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John Ritchie  

Concertino for Clarinet and String Orchestra

Duration: 14' 00" Year: 1957

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Thomas Goss  

Concerto in b minor

Duration: 11' 35" Year: 2001
for cello and string orchestra

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  • Programme Note

    Using the baroque concerto as a model, this work is designed to feature a baritone voice, of which bassoon, baritone saxophone, and even bass clarinet would work effectively as soloists. The key of B minor was chosen for its ease of playing and dark yet resonant qualities in the string ensemble. The first movement is a deviation from the traditional form of theme-and-variations, in which the theme is expressed with ever-accelerating note values while maintaining the same steady tempo. First, a somber statement in quarter-note octaves arcs across the landscape of strings, from basses and cellos to the first violins and back, then picked up and transformed by the cello solo with an edge of longing. The icy second statement of the theme in eighth notes allows the cello to push against the ensemble a little in the contrast of the solo string tone, while the warm triplets of the third statement give the ensemble a chance to work out. The brief cadenza that follows pushes the theme from quarter notes to eighths to triplets, finally settling on the 16th notes that drive the theme to a bustling conclusion.

    The second movement relies on simplicity in its use of the ABA aria form. The cello’s gentle but indulgent melody floats over a cushion of pulsing chords. The strings introduce a countermelody in triplets that leads up to a solemn chordal statement, and then becomes a factor in the development of the original melody.

    The concluding rondo blends both the modern and baroque concepts of the “hook,” a catchy phrase that sticks in the mind because of some unusual note. In this case, the snag is a diminished 5th, more common to the blues than to the baroque concerto. Here it is explored using all of the opportunities that the freedom of the rondo form allows, boldly stated at the beginning, punctuating episodes of development, sneaking in at times where it is least expected, then bringing the movement to a close with a feeling of unsettled finality.

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Thomas Goss  

Double Bass Concerto in e minor

Duration: 11' 10" Year: 2004
for double bass and string orchestra

  • Programme Note

    Double Bass Concerto in e minor was written as a showpiece for the more natural characteristics of the double bass, such as the warmth and solidity of plucked strings, the ease of harmonics, the resonance of open strings, and the extended 4-octave range. The double bass is a member of the viol family, with an inherently more delicate quality to its timbre than its modern orchestral cousins the violin, viola, and ‘cello. As a solo instrument, it offers an alternate view of virtuoso string playing; a low register dark with rich, complex broodings, a middle range filled with anticipation and veiled longing, and an unusually graceful and poetic high compass bereft of throaty tension or shrillness.

    This concerto is written in the form of a rhapsody or capriccio, in one movement with an extended, freer exposition. Under alert tremolo, the bass opens with an impulsive statement that climbs three times from its rock-bottom open E string to its highest harmonics. The strings answer with a quiet, gentle elegy, soon transformed by the bass into a more yearning episode that ends on an unsettled note. A bravura melody leaps forth from this cloud, a folk-dance tune that gambols between soloist and orchestra, leading the music through restless changes of key and expectation. A heartfelt strain emerges, eventually guiding the music to a floating, dreamy musical landscape. Over pulsing strings, the bass ponders the themes of the concerto in tender detail throughout its range of pitch and color, suggesting a haven of peaceful beauty. The previous mood springs back to life in a boisterous answer, leading to a cadenza in which the bass’s ruminations are gruffer and more pointed than before. In the final coda the strings return to their elegy, then the bass takes the orchestra back to the beginning, reversing the sprawling gestures to drift down from the heights, fading to silence on a lingering octave E.

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Thomas Goss  

Variations on a Young Violinist

Duration: 11' 30" Year: 2003
solo violin and string orchestra

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  • Programme Note

    Variations on a Young Violinist has the standard form of the classical “theme-and-variations” model. Yet it explores and modifies more than just the ubiquitous theme from Niccolò Paganini’s 24th Caprice, which is stated at the opening. The work also illustrates the varying moods and mindsets of being a young musician, with anxiety, exuberance, melancholy, awe, frustration, hilarity, determination, and giddiness being just a few of the emotional textures that dictate the character of individual sections.

    The strings state the theme with terse simplicity before giving way to the solo violin, which banters the melody about with double-stops and bravura swoops and dives. A dancey variation follows with rustling pizzicati supporting a pensive, expanding soliloquy. Rustle becomes bustle with a rhythmically ambiguous tear through the strings. A savage gesture segues to the next variation, alternately suspending and unleashing the nervous energy inherent in the theme. The solo violin now takes a lead role as Paganini’s motive is twisted by a spooky, anguished waltz, exalted in a calm, heartfelt hymn, and saddled in a racing moto perpetuo. There is even a sassy, bluesy turn to the proceedings before the final elegy brings the work to bittersweet, reverent close.

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Anthony Ritchie  

Viola Concerto

Duration: 14' 00" Year: 1994
for viola and orchestra

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  • Instrumentation
    2222/1210/2perc/strings
  • Programme Note

    The Viola Concerto was written while Ritchie was Composer-in-Residence with the Dunedin Sinfonia in 1994, and first performed in Dunedin the following year, with Donald Maurice as the soloist. It is a personal work in which the viola takes on various characters, and describes human relationships. The solo part speaks in a natural and uncontrived voice, and consequently there are few shows of virtuosity in the concerto. The first movement, allegro tempestuoso, opens in turmoil and includes an idea inspired by one of Bach’s Brandenburg concertos. A lighter, folk-like theme emerges and acts as a link to the second main theme which is cooler in mood and tinged with sadness. In the middle section a new idea is played on muted brass interspersed with a lyrical melody on viola. Themes are developed in the orchestra, reaching a climax and leading back to the home key of E. At this point melodic ideas are transformed by a downward, ‘weeping’ motif which appeared earlier on. This carthartic passage fades and the movement ends quickly, without resolution. The long theme at the start of the slow movement began life as a solo piece, and unfolds slowly on the dorian mode accompanied by simple string chords. The stronger second theme on G has a determined quality about it. A lyrical third theme appears on the woodwinds and uses elements of the opening melody. Ominous rumbles in the bass signify the start of the middle section. A boisterous climax evaporates into the recapitulation, where the opening melody is varied with soft floating flutes and string harmonics. The third movement, a cadenza, follows and acts as a link to the finale. Dance-like in character, the finale provides a resolution to the tensions of the previous movements. Some of the themes are influenced by popular music styles, and near the end there is a slightly slower section which recalls Bluegrass music; this was inspired by the American group, the Blue Sky Mountain Boys. There are three main themes in the movement, and these are combined in counterpoint towards the end. A long pedal note E appears in the Coda, over which the soloist plays a mock-heroic version of the second theme. This is brusquely swept aside by strident and jazzy chords, and the concerto comes to a conclusion.

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